Prerequisite Install cairo-run. Match Control Flow Cairo provides us with a powerful control flow operator called match, which allows us to compare a value against a series of patterns and execute corresponding code based on the matching pattern. Patterns can consist of literals, variables, wildcards, and many other elements. Let's

Prerequisite Install cairo-run. Enumerations In this article, we will learn about enumerations, or enums, which are a way to define custom data types. Enums can be very useful in certain scenarios because they are both simple and convenient to use. Let's take a look at an example of an enum:

Prerequisite Install cairo-run. Method Methods and functions share similarities: they both use the fn keyword and a name for declaration, can take parameters and return values, and contain code that is executed when the method or function is called. However, there are differences between methods and functions. Methods are defined

Prerequisite Install cairo-run. Struct Example In Learning Cairo - The Syntax of Structures (8), we have seen some Cairo programs using structs. In this article, let's see an example of optimizing code structure using structs. Suppose we need a program to calculate the area of a rectangle, then we can

Prerequisite Install cairo-run. Structures Cairo also has the concept of structures. In previous articles, we have already used some structures. In this article, we will study the syntax of structures in detail. Similar to Solidity, we can use the struct keyword to define a structure. For example: #[derive(Copy, Drop)

Prerequisite Install cairo-run. Snapshots Assuming we have a calculate_length function to calculate the length of an array and we need to pass the array itself as a parameter to the function. This operation will transfer the ownership of the array to the function, and if we still need to

Prerequisites Install cairo-run. Ownership Ownership is an important concept in Cairo/Rust that sets it apart from other languages. The ownership system in Cairo ensures the safety and correctness of compiled code by specifying that a variable can only be used once. The ownership system prevents common operations that can

Prerequisites Install cairo-run. Arrays Arrays can store a series of data of the same type. When using arrays, you need to first import the array::ArrayTrait trait. The concept of arrays also exists in Solidity. We can define an array with a length of 2 and type uint256 in Solidity

Prerequisite Install cairo-run. Control Flow Today, we will learn about control flow in Cairo. The most common control flow expressions are if and loop. if Expression The if statement in Cairo is similar to Solidity, with the difference that Cairo’s if condition does not require parentheses. For example: use

Prerequisite Install cairo-run. Function Definitions Functions are a fundamental feature in Cairo, and we are already familiar with the main function, which is the most important function in Cairo and serves as the entry point for running Cairo code. As we have seen before, functions are defined using the fn

Prerequisite Install cairo-run. Variables Today we are going to learn about variables in Cairo. Let’s start with a simple example: // filename: print.cairo use debug::PrintTrait; fn main() { let x = 12; x.print(); x = 20; x.print(); } The code above is straightforward. First, we define a variable x and

Prerequisite Install cairo-run. Data Type Cairo and Solidity are both statically-typed languages, which means that Cairo’s data types need to be explicitly defined at compile-time and cannot be changed later. For example, if we define a variable a of type u128, then any subsequent assignment to a must be